UTS SOCIOLINGUISTICS

Name : Shelvira Elsa Dwita

Nim: 1588203060 (VB)

1. What is sociolinguistics?

Answer: Sociolinguistics is the study of variation in Language, the way people use language in different social situations.

Sociolinguists also study about dialect, which is the regional, social, or ethnic variation of a language. Sociolinguists study many other issues as well. For instance, they often examine the values that hearers place on variations in language, the regulation of linguistic behavior, language standardization, and educational and governmental policies concerning language.

2. Why do we learn Sociolinguistics?

Answer: Because Sociolinguistics is part of linguistics, as we know linguistics is study of language. So that’s why we have to learn sociolinguistics. In sociolinguistics we learn about speech and society. For example in speech and society we learn about the way when talk like pronunciation, word choice,and grammar. And then we learn about dialects, actually we get dialect in naturally based on we live. Because dialects is varities of language characteristics of groups of speaker. And Idiolects is variation of language within a single speaker. So, we have to learn about sociolinguistics.

3. What is relation between Language and Society?

Answer: Language is tool when we communicate with the other. In the society we can not speak without language. At least we able to speak in one language like national language or mother tongue. Language performs various functions in the society and the society does the same way. If one will not exist, the other one will be affected.  So, language and society have a relation.

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4. Please mention and explain the branches of Linguistics!

Answer:  Linguistics is the science of language. It is the subject whose practitioners devote their energy to understanding why human language is the way it is. They study the history, acquisition, structure, and use of as many languages as possible.

Branch of Linguistics:

Phonetics is the field of linguistics that studies the sounds of language without of whether the sound has a function as a differentiator meaning or not. 
phonetics divided into 3 type:
1.Articulatory phonetics or physiological phonetics.
 how to learn the mechanism of human speech for the tools to work in producing the sounds of language, and how these sounds are classified.
2.Accoustic phonetic
 learning the sounds of language as a physical event or natural phenomena, sounds that investigated the vibration frequency, amplitude, instensitas, and timbre.
3.Auditory phonetics 
how to learn the mechanism of acceptance of the sounds of language by ear. 

Phonology is a study of systematic relationship between sounds,including contrast,positional variation,phonotactic,restrictions,and alternations.
Phonetics illusions and the mistakes of language learners clue us in to the necessity of a level of phonologycal knowledge more abstract than actual pronunciation . contrast and positional variation can be studied through phonemic analysis, which was a particular hallmark of a structualist approach. A phoneme is a unit of contrast (that is,a “family” of sounds that all “count as the same”). The allophones of a phoneme are the positional variants that make up the phoneme.

Morphology is the study of the minimal meaningful units of language. it studies the structure of the words,however from a semantics viewpoint rather than from the viewpoint  of sound. morphology is intimately related to syntax. for everything that is larger than a word is the domain of syntax.

Syntax is the study of the structure of sentences, the principles, both universal and language specific, that govern how words are assembled to yield grammatical sentences.

Syntax discussed about structure,function,categorized,and role of syntax,and then tools that use in build it. Units of syntax such as: word,phrase,clause,sentence and discouce.

Lexicology is the science / studies on the shape, the history and the meaning of words. whereas in Arabic, lexicology is called Ilm-Ma'ajim, namely the study of the ins and outs of the dictionary.
by language lexicology lexicon comes from the word that means: dictionary, the Qur'aan or the terms of a science. 

Semantics the study of the meaning of word and fixed word combination, and how these combine to form the meanings of the sentence.

Pragmatics the study of how uttenrances are used (litearaly, figuratively, or otherwise ) in communicative acts.

Discourse Analysis the analysis of language use in text ( spoken, written, or signed )

Applied Linguistics concerned with application of the concept in everyday life, including language teaching.

5. What is standard language? Giving an example!

Answer:  A standard language is a variety of language that is used by governments, in the media, in schools and for international communication. By using a standard language rather than a local variety. For example you will invariable reach a much wider aand audience.

6. Elaborating the Language, Dialect, amd Accent!

Answer:  Language is a tool to communicate with the other without language we can not speak. In language of course have a variety of  Dialect and Accent. Why? Because dialect is variety of language characteristics of groups of speakers. Or describes both a person’s accent and the grammatical features of the way that person talks. And how about Accent the way that particular person or group of people sound.  It’s the way somebody pronounces words, the musicality of their speech, etc.

7. Giving an example of formal language and informal language!

Answer: Informal : i can’t speak english well

                Formal   : i can not speak english well

                Informal : i don’t believe that the result are accurate

                Formal     : the result are not believed to be accurate

8. What aspect of Language, are sociolinguistics interested in?

Answer:  Sociolinguistics are interested in explaining why people speak differently in different social in different social context. And the effect of social factors such as social distance, social status, age, gender, and class. On language varieties  ( dialect, register, genre, etc ) and they are concerned with identifying the socual function of language and the way are used to convey social meanings.

9. When two or more people from different language met and tried to communicate, what should they do?

-Pidgin

-Creole

-Lingua Franca

Answer: .

They are use a Lingua Franca.  Lingua franca is a created common language that enables people who have no common native language to communicate with each other. This common language is either created from different languages or it adopts a dominant language. 

10. Why do people switch and mix a language?

Answer: Because the people want to say something in secret, want to look cool and smart,want to get something for example you want to buy something in the market, you don’t know about their language so thats why you have to mixing or switching.

11. Giving an example of code Mixing and code Switching!

Answer:

Code Mixing

A: Hi dude, where you wanna go?

B: I mau go to bioskop. You wanna join?

A: Oh, lanjut. Saya wanna ask sesuatu..

B: ya. What it is?

A: Tomorrow you datang kerumah I ya, I buat acara dirumah

B: Ok.. tomorrow i come to your house. I ajak my sister ya..

A: oke.. see you tommorow ya, jangan forget..

Code Switching

A: About our appointmentt on Thursday, i dont think i’d be able to see you then

B: Apakah ada masalah?

A: Its not big problem

B: Jika kamu tidak keberatan, saya ingin menjadwal ulang janji pertemuan kita

A: Sure, anytime you’re available

B: what if i move it to Monday?, are you busy then?

A: Tidak, hari Senin tidak apa-apa.

B: Great. I hope you dont mind with this changes of schedu;e.

A: Relax..no problem.

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Word and Culture

Word and Culture

A few words are necessary concerning what I mean by ‘culture.’ I do not

intend to use the term culture in the sense of ‘high culture,’ i.e., the appreciation

of music, literature, the arts, and so on. Rather, I intend to use it in the sense

of whatever a person must know in order to function in a particular society.

Various aspects/approaches of word and culture

1. Whorf

2. Kindship

3. Color

4. Taxonomies

5. Prototypes

6. Taboo words and Euphemism

Kindship

One interesting way in which people use language in daily living is to refer to various kinds of kin. It is not surprising, therefore, that there is a considerable literature on kinship terminology, describing how people in various parts of the world refer to relatives by blood (or descent) and marriage Kinship systems are a universal feature of languages, because kinship is so important t in social organisation. Some systems are much richer than others, but all make use of such factors as gender, age, generation, blood, and marriage in their organization One of the attractions that kinship systems have for investigators is that these factors are  fairly readily ascertainable.

Taxonimoes

Analyses into taxonomies s and components are useful in that they help us to organize data in ways that appear to indicate how speakers use their language to organize the world around them The analyses show how systematic

much of that behavior is and do so in a rather surprising way. This is talk about hierarchy in a situation, for example like in animal.

Color

Our world is a world of color but the amount of color varies from place to place and time to time. A January flight from Acapulco, Mexico, to Toronto, Canada, takes one from a sun-drenched array of colors to a gray drabness. Except to those blinded to it, color is all around but it is not everywhere treated in the same way The terms people use to describe color give us another means of exploring the relationships between different languages and cultures. The color spectrum is a physical continuum showing no breaks at all. All languages make use of basic color terms. A basic color term must be a single word, e.g., blue or yellow, not some combination of words, e.g., light blue or pale yellow. Nor must it be the obvious sub-division of some higher-order term, as both crimson and scarlet are of red. It must have quite general use; i.e., it must not be applied only to a very narrow range of objects, as, for example, blond is applied in English almost exclusively to the color of hair and wood. Also, the term must not be highly restricted in the sense that it is used by only a specific sub-set of speakers, such as interior decorators or fashion writers.

Prototypes

a prototype-based concept can be learned on the basis of a very small number of instances – perhaps a single one – and without any kind of formal definition, whereas a feature-based definition would be very much harder to learn since a much larger number of cases, plus a number of non-cases, would be needed before the learner could work out which features were necessary and which were not. Moreover, such a view allows for a more flexible approach to understanding how people actually use language. In that usage certain concepts are necessarily ‘fuzzy,’ as the theory predicts they will be, but that very fuzziness allows speakers to use language creatively. According to Hudson, prototype theory may even be applied to the social situations in which speech occurs. He suggests that, when we hear a new linguistic item, we associate with it who typically seems to use it and what, apparently, is the typical occasion of its use. Again, we need very few instances – even possibly just a single one – to be able to do this. Of course, if the particular is atypical and we fail to recognize this fact, we could be in for some discomfort at a later time when we treat it as typical.

Taboo and Euphemism

Taboo is the prohibition or avoidance in any society of behavior believed to be harmful to its members in that it would cause them anxiety, embarrassment, or shame. It is an extremely strong politeness constraint. Consequently, so far as language is concerned, certain things are not to be said or certain objects can be referred to only in certain circumstances, for example, only by certain people, or through deliberate circumlocutions, i.e., euphemistically. Of course, there are always those who are prepared to break the taboos in an attempt to show their own freedom from such social constraints or to expose the taboos as irrational and unjustified, as in certain movements for ‘free speech.’ English also has its taboos, and most people who speak English know what these are and observe the ‘rules.’ When someone breaks the rules, that rupture may arouse considerable comment, although not perhaps quite as much today as formerly, as when Shaw’s use of bloody in Pygmalion or the use of damn in the movie Gone with the Wind aroused widespread public comment. Standards and norms change. Linguistic taboos are also violated on occasion to draw attention to oneself, or to show contempt, or to be aggressive or provocative, or to mock authority – or, according to Freud, on occasion as a form of verbal seduction, e.g., ‘talking dirty.’ The penalty for breaking a linguistic taboo can be severe, for blasphemy and obscenity are still crimes in many jurisdictions, but it is hardly likely to cost you your life, as the violation of certain non-linguistic taboos, e.g., incest taboos, might in certain places in the world.

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REGIONAL VARIATION ( SOCIOLINGUISTICS )

REGIONAL VARIATION

 In this model  of language change and dialect differention, it should always be possible to relate any variation found within a language to the factors of time and distance alone. E.g. the  British and American varities, or English are separated by over two centuries of political independence and by the Atlantic ocean, Northumbrian and Cockney English are nearly 300 miles and any centuries apart.

Dialect  geographies have traditionaly attempted to produce their findings onmaps in what they call dialects atlases. They try to show the geographical boundaries of the distribution of a particular linguistics feature by drawing a line on a map. Such line is called an isoglosses. Alternatively, a particular area, a relic area, may show characteristic of being unaffected by changes spreading out from one or more neighboring areas. Very oftn the isoglosses for individual phonological features do not coincide with the one another to give us clearly demarcated dialects areas. Because dialects studies grew out of historical studies of language, it should also come as no surprise that they have focused almost exclusively on rural areas.

Linguistics and Social Variation

An aerly study of linguistics variation by Gumperz(1958) one cast in a modern mold, show more some of the intricacies involve in trying to relate linguistic variation to teh social variation. Because the society he was studying is rigidly stratified on the basis of caste membership. The problems are considerably fewer than those encourated in such cities as New York, Detroit, but they are still present.

Conclusion

In conclusion, variation is an inharent characteristic of all language at all times and the pattern exhibited in this variation carry social meanings. The term linguistic variation( or simply variation ) refers to regional, social or contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used. Variation between language, dialects, and speaker is known as intraspeaker variation. Variation within the language of a single speaker called intraspeaker variation. Since the rise of sociolinguistics in the 1960s. Interest in linguistics variation ( also called linguistics variability) has develop rapidly. All aspect of language. Including phonemes, morphemes, syntactic structure, and meanings are subject to variation.

Question

1. what is the example of Regional Varition?

A word “throw” is different in some regional. For example if you want to someone throw a basketball to someone throw a baseball to you.

In Michigan “ throw in here”

In New York “ chuck it here “

In South Caroline “Chuck it here “

2. What is the example of social variation?

In USA “ i’m fixing’ to go the store. Wanna come? “

It is mean i am about to go to store. Would ypu like to join with me?

3. What is the aspect of  linguistics variation, and what is inteaspeaker?

Linguistics aspect are Pronunciation, Morphology, Woed choice, and Grammmar. Intraspeaker is as single speaker with variation of language. 

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Profil Company ( English for Business )

Profil Company of Elsa Cookies

Name of company  : Elsa Cookies ( Come Hungry Leave Happy )

Owner                   : Shelvira Elsa Dwita M.Esl

Product                  : Cake, Bread,and  Pastry

Head Office           : Limbungan street, 12, Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia, 28292

Employees             : 40 in head office and 25 in branch offices

Branch Office        : 23 offices around Indonesia

Phone Number      : 0822 8469 1394

Email                     : elsacookiesofficial@gmail.com

VISSION

Making cakes as food or snackes preffred all people in Indonesia

MISSION

1. Making cakes, bread with various taste

2. Produce the best cakes and low fate

3. This cake good for the people who want to diet

4. An affordable price, make the consument happy

5. Give the best service and hospitality

6. Use the strategy Marketing online

ABOUT US

Elsa Cookies is a company that produce variant Cake, Pastry, and Bread. This company since 2005 in Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia. Our company always cooporate with the best company in the world, such as Singapore. We import the best favor from Singapore. Because we know in there many company buy the favor or ingredient. Our company produce the variant cake and low fate, our product good for the people who want to diet, because the ingredient is healthy.

 We are using  high technology to produce variant cake, not manual, and also higienis. The ingredients are favor,chocolate,egg, butter, milk and etc.

We are always invited various company to come to her or him company and see directly how they make cake, packaging, and many other. We are so proud can coorperate with them.

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Speech Communities

1. Introduction

Language is both an individual possession and a social possession. We would expect, therefore, that certain individuals would behave linguistically like other individuals: they might be said to speak the same language or the same dialect or the same variety.

2. Definition

Lyons(1970,p. 326) offers a definition of what the calls a 'real' speech community : 'all the people who use a given language or dialect. However, that really shifts the issues to making the definition of a speech community.
If speech communities are defined solely by their linguistic characteristics, we must acknowledge the inherent circularity of any such definition in that language itself is a communal possession.
Giles, Scherer, and Taylor (1979,p. 351) say:
"Through speech markers functionally important social categorization are discriminated, and these have important implications for social organizations. For human, speech markers have clear parallels.. It is evident that social categories of age, sex, ethnic, social class, and situation can be clearly marked on the basis if speech, and that such categories is fundamental to social organizations even though many of the categories are also easily discriminated on other bases.

3. Intersecting Communities

The fact that people do use expression such as New York speech, London speech, and South African speech indicates that they have some idea of how typical person from each other place speaks, that is, of what it is like to be a member of particular speech community somewhat loosely defined. Such a person may be said to be typical by virtue of observing the linguistic norms are associates with the particular place in question.

4. Network and Repertoire

Dubois and Horvath(1999,p. 307) acknowledge that while the concep of social network seems to be useful in studying language behavior in urban settings, it effectiveness in nonuban settings, in their case among English  French bilingual Cajuns in rural Louisiana, is not so clear.
An individual also has a speech repertoire that is he or she control a number of varieties of a language or two or more language. Quite often many individuals will have virtually identical repertoire.

Conclusion

Language is a system, it means that languages is formed by patterned component permanently and can be verified. Language is also a tool that can be used to interact used by certain community each other. Speech communities can be happened between a group using same language and different language, with provision among them that is understanding each other.

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